How to Soundproof Your Home Against Street Noise?

Undoubtedly, external noise can be a major nuisance, especially in bustling urban environments.

Capturing a moment of peace at home can become a constant struggle when surrounded by persistent street noise.

The good news is, there are practical means to address this issue and restore tranquility within your living space.

In this article, we dedicate ourselves to guide you through methodologies to make your home a peaceful haven.

We will be discussing methods ranging from straightforward, inexpensive DIY measures to comprehensive, professional solutions.

Rest assured, by the end of this read, you’ll be well-equipped with the necessary knowledge to make informed decisions about soundproofing your home.

Contents

How To Soundproof Your Home Against Street Noise?

Quick answer:

To soundproof your home against street noise, start by insulating and sealing any gaps or cracks in doors and windows, as these are the common entrances for noise. Next, consider investing in soundproofing materials such as acoustic panels, soundproof curtains, or double-glazed windows. Also, utilizing white noise machines and furnishing with thick rugs or bookshelves can help absorb sound and create more quiet environment.

While the above-mentioned strategies can significantly reduce street noise, it is important to delve deeper to understand the specific soundproofing requirements for different areas of your home, such as bedrooms or home offices.

Also, we will examine various expert-recommended materials and techniques in detail, their effectiveness, and installation process.

In addition to this, we will outline some maintenance tips to ensure your soundproofing solutions remain effective over time.

This comprehensive coverage is aimed at equipping you with a holistic understanding of home soundproofing, providing practical and actionable insights to create a quieter, more peaceful living space.

So, let’s delve deeper into this topic.

Understanding the Basics of Soundproofing

Soundproofing is a measure taken to curtail and control the level of noise entering or exiting a particular enclosed space.

It involves techniques that minimize the impact of sound through various means such as absorption, resonance, and deflection or diffusion.

In a broader sense, effective soundproofing involves understanding the properties of sound, the ways in which it gets transmitted, and the ways to reduce or block its effect.

Properties of Sound

Sound is generated from vibrations, producing pressure waves that propagate through a medium such as air or water.

These waves can bounce off surfaces, be absorbed by materials in the path, or be refracted or bent by changes in the medium.

The loudness of a sound, its pitch, and its tonal quality are all factors that influence the effect of sound and the need for soundproofing.

The loudness of a sound, its pitch, and its tonal quality are all factors that influence the effect of sound and the need for soundproofing.

For example, lower pitched sounds (like traffic noise) often require more effort to soundproof against than higher pitched sounds (like bird song).

An understanding of these properties is fundamental to creating an effective soundproofing strategy.

Sound Transmission

There are primarily two ways that noise can be transmitted – through the air (airborne noise) and through solid structures (structure-borne noise).

Airborne noise includes sounds like conversations, TV sound, or music that travels through the air and enters a room via gaps or cracks around doors or windows, while structure-borne noise is generated when a physical impact upon a structure causes waves to move through the building materials themselves.

It’s important to identify the source of the noise and the route it is taking into your space; only then can you apply the correct soundproofing techniques.

Soundproofing Techniques

There are various soundproofing techniques available, based on the source and type of sound.

These techniques can typically be divided into four key categories: adding mass, damping, decoupling, and filling air gaps.

Adding mass to walls or floors using specific materials can significantly reduce noise levels, particularly for low-frequency noises.

Decoupling involves separating the two sides of a wall, floor or ceiling to prevent sound vibrations from passing through the structure.

Damping involves reducing resonance in a room, usually by adding specialized materials or objects that absorb sound, while filling air gaps is intended to block airborne noise transmission.

Understanding these techniques is critical in choosing the right material and implementing soundproofing in your space successfully.

Soundproofing A Room (It's Easier Than You Think)

In the embedded video, you will get a clear understanding of how soundproofing works in real-life situations. You’ll be able to see practical examples and demonstrations of some of the soundproofing methods discussed in this section.

What Are the Top Causes of Street Noise in Homes?

Street noise in homes is attributed to various causes, each with its own unique impact on noise levels. Below, we deeply explore these major contributors and their impacts.

Traffic Noise

One of the most notable sources of street noise is traffic-related noise.

This includes honking cars, screeching tires, revving engines, emergency sirens and sounds from heavy-duty vehicles such as trucks and buses. This is especially prevalent in homes located near busy highways or city centers.

Busy highways or city centers are known to be hotspots for traffic-related noise.

Consequently, residents in these areas continually deal with noise disturbances that disrupt their peace and quiet. No house wants to frequently contend with a blaring car horn or shrieking sirens.

It becomes even more crucial for them to find effective ways to soundproof their homes.

Pedestrian Noise

Pedestrian noise is another significant cause of street noise in homes.

People’s conversations, their movement, and even their pets can contribute significantly to outdoor noise levels. If you live near a school, a park, or a vibrant street, pedestrian noise can be particularly troubling.

Pedestrian noise impact is especially significant around high human activity areas like school, parks, bustling streets.

Children playing, dogs barking, loud music, or even people engaged in enthusiastic discussions make up a substantial part of noise pollution. This is a real problem for those desiring peace and tranquility in their homes.

Construction Works

Last, but by no means least, we have construction works noise.

Construction activities in the neighborhood often generate massive noise levels. From the rumbling of heavy machinery such as cranes and diggers, banging hammers to the buzzing of saws, construction sites are hubs of loud disruptive noises.

Construction sites are notorious for the high decibel noise they produce, straining tranquility in the neighboring homes.

Moreover, these activities often take place during regular working hours, exactly when most people need a calm home environment for remote work or study. The acute noise can lead to significant distractions and stress.

In summary, the presence of vehicular traffic, pedestrian activities, and on-going construction works are the main culprits causing street noise in homes. Identifying these sources is the first step towards implementing effective soundproofing measures. By doing so, comfort and peace can finally become a facet of the home environment regardless of what’s happening on the street.

DIY Steps for Soundproofing Your Home Against Street Noise

Soundproofing your home against street noise can be a vital step to enhancing your overall tranquility and concentration levels. One of the most crucial steps in this process is understanding that sound travels through air and material surfaces. Therefore, the primary aim of soundproofing is to dampen these waves using specific materials and techniques.

Identification of Noise Sources

Before embarking on your soundproofing journey, it’s important to identify the sources of the noise. This often means isolating rooms and sections of the house that are usually noisiest. Identifying these sources helps to make the soundproofing process more targeted and effective.

Seal All Gaps

Soundproofing is most efficient when completed in an enclosed space. Consequently, sealing off any gaps, cracks, or openings in walls, doors, and windows is imperative. Sealing can be accomplished using appropriate materials such as weatherstripping for doors and windows, or use drywall for bigger holes and cracks in the wall.

If sealing is done effectively, it can block up to 70% of all incoming noise.

Indeed, a well-sealed house not only reduces the noise transmittance but also helps in reducing dust and dirt from entering your living space. More than just a soundproofing strategy, sealing gaps also contributes to the overall cleanliness of your home.

Use of Sound Absorbing Materials

Once you have sealed as many gaps as possible, the next step involves using sound absorbing materials to reduce any residual noise. These materials work by absorbing the sound waves, minimizing their ability to bounce around your rooms.

Materials like spray foam insulation, soundproof curtains, and even large furniture pieces as couches and bookshelves are great sound absorbers. Strategically placed, they lessen the reverberation of sound, reducing perceived loudness.

The Basics of Soundproofing for Beginners

You might learn detailed techniques to soundproof your home effectively in this video. It offers a concise but comprehensive guide on practical steps you can take for effective results.

Wall Soundproofing

Wall soundproofing is another way to cut off more invasive street noises. A common approach is to add an additional layer to existing walls or ceilings using materials like mass loaded vinyl (MLV) or drywall. This ‘extra mass does an excellent job absorbing and blocking the lively sound waves.

Create a Sound Barrier

Setting up a sound barrier around your home is an excellent way to reflect external noise. Using materials like acoustic panels or sound-proofing foam to create this barrier can reflect the noise away from your home. This step might require a bit more time and investment, but the results can be worth it.

Acoustic panels or sound-proofing foam, correctly installed, can reflect a significant amount of sound.

Wooden fences are also an effective and visually appealing alternative to mitigating noise levels. A solid wood fence acts as a physical barrier, reflecting and absorbing sound before it reaches your home’s interior.

Always remember that blocking sounds completely is almost impossible; however, reducing them significantly to a comfort level is quite achievable by using these Do-It-Yourself techniques. Constant tweaking and revising your strategy based on results are essential for soundproofing your home effectively.

Options for Soundproofing Materials: Pros and Cons

Soundproofing your home is a significant way of avoiding disturbances caused by street noise. Various materials can be used for this purpose, each with its unique pros and cons. It’s essential to consider the effectiveness, costs, and installation processes before you select.

The Basics: Mass-Loaded Vinyl (MLV)

Among the most prevalent materials used for soundproofing is Mass-Loaded Vinyl (MLV).

MLV is a thin but heavy sheet made of vinyl material and metal particles, designed to add mass to your walls or ceilings without taking up much space.

The primary benefit of MLV is its effectiveness at blocking air and structure-borne noise, making it a popular choice for soundproofing against street noise.

However, mass-loaded vinyl can be quite expensive compared to other soundproofing materials and may require professional installation due to its weight.

This is a drawback you have to consider when contemplating using MLV for your soundproofing needs.

Gypsum Board

Moving on, another choice you might consider is the use of gypsum board.

Commonly known as drywall, gypsum board is considered to be an effective, low-cost material for soundproofing.

As it’s made from dense material, it offers sound-blocking properties that can reduce overall noise levels.

The advantage of using gypsum board is its easy installation process and cost-effectiveness.

Unlike MLV, gypsum board can be easily fitted with standard tools and do not require significant construction work.

On the downside, while it’s relatively effective, it might not provide the level of soundproofing you desire if you live in an extremely noisy location.

Green Glue

The next option is Green Glue, a viscoelastic dampening compound that is typically applied between two layers of rigid material, like drywall or plywood.

It’s primarily used to absorb sound vibrations, interrupting the noise paths within the walls or ceilings of your home.

Green Glue is very effective in reducing both airborne and impact noise, making it an excellent choice for soundproofing your living space.

Despite this, Green Glue has the disadvantage of requiring a waiting period of about 30 days for it to reach its full soundproofing potential.

While this might be advantageous to some, it could be seen as a long waiting period for others, particularly those who desire immediate results.

Again, there are several soundproofing options available, and each comes with its unique set of practices and drawbacks. However, their effectiveness in noise reduction is generally high, which makes them worth considering for your home.

Soundproofing Doors and Windows: A Practical Approach

Soundproofing doors and windows can contribute significantly towards reducing the unwelcome noise seeping into your home from the busy streets outside.

The Importance of Soundproofing Doors

Your door constitutes a potential pathway for external sounds to enter your serene abode.

Therefore, it is crucial to invest in soundproofing your doors.

Soundproofing your doors not only reduces noise pollution but enhances your overall peace at home

This sentiment stands for every homeowner seeking respite from the bustling city’s unpleasant sounds.

Investing in a solid core door or installing soundproofing materials such as weather stripping, door sweeps or seals, and door gaskets can make a noticeable difference to your door’s soundproofing efficiency.

Windows: The Noise Gateway

Windows, particularly if they are old or not properly sealed, can let in a great deal of unwanted street noise.

Soundproofing your windows is a practical approach to limiting this disruption.

Acoustic seals and double-glazed windows can significantly mitigate this noise intrusion

These measures work by forming a barrier that effectively muffles the penetration of external sounds.

Installation of soundproof curtains or window inserts can also offer extra layers of sound insulation for your windows.

How to Soundproof a Room | The Home Depot

Watching the embedded video might provide practical, visual tutorials on door and window soundproofing. Additionally, it offers insights into various soundproofing materials and methods that you can survey and possibly adapt to suit your precise needs.

Professional or DIY: Making the Choice

While professional soundproofing services certainly exist, opting for DIY methods might be a more cost-effective alternative, especially if budget constraints come into play.

Both avenues have their pros and cons and it’s essential to choose the option that best aligns with your expectations and resources.

You possess the power to effectively curb external noise and reclaim the ambiance of your home.

This serves as a reminder that the external environmental noise does not have to dictate the tranquillity of your interior surroundings.

Soundproofing is a feasible solution that every home-owner should contemplate.

Can Acoustic Panels Make a Difference?

When it comes to soundproofing a room, investing in acoustic panels may prove worth the cost.

These panels are specifically designed to absorb sound waves, reduce echo and deliver a quieter environment.

What are Acoustic Panels?

Acoustic panels are essentially sound-absorbing materials that reduce noise and echo.

They are typically made from a core material such as rock wool or glass fiber and often have a fabric front for aesthetic purposes.

These panels come in various sizes, and are designed to be comfortably mounted on walls and ceilings.

Acoustic panels work by trapping and dissipating sound waves, thereby minimizing noise distractions.

This function means that they can be beneficial in a wide variety of environments – from home music studios to bustling offices.

By trapping these waves, they’re able to reduce the overall sound energy within a room, effectively dampening noise.

Effectiveness of Acoustic Panels

Acoustic panels can significantly reduce noise levels in a room, particularly when properly installed.

However, their effectiveness largely depends on the frequency of the sound you’re trying to dampen.

For instance, they’re extremely effective at dealing with mid to high-frequency sounds like human speech, but may struggle with low-frequency noises such as bass sounds from a stereo.

Despite these limitations, however, they are typically quite effective at reducing general ambient noise, making them a practical choice for most home and office settings.

Furthermore, combining them with other soundproofing measures, such as soundproof curtains or double-glazed windows, can enhance their effectiveness, particularly for low-frequency sounds.

Choosing the Right Acoustic Panels

Not all acoustic panels are created equal; the material and size of the panel will significantly affect its sound-absorbing capabilities.

For example, panels made from denser materials like fiberglass will generally absorb more sound than those made from lighter materials like foam.

The size of the panel also has a significant influence on its performance; larger panels can absorb sound across a wider frequency range.

Therefore, when choosing acoustic panels, it’s vital to consider both the material and size to ensure you’re obtaining a product that will effectively reduce the noise levels in your space.

These factors, along with how and where they’re installed, can make a significant difference in their noise reduction capabilities.

Again, while acoustic panels may not be a perfect solution to soundproofing, they can certainly make a meaningful difference in reducing ambient noise and echoes in any given space.

Does Soundproof Curtains Really Reduce Street Noise?

The question of whether soundproof curtains genuinely mitigate street noise is a crucial one when considering noise reduction options for your home.

Understanding the Concept of Soundproof Curtains

Essentially, soundproof curtains are designed with materials and layers that are capable of absorbing the energy in sound waves.

The goal of this is to prevent or significantly reduce the amount of noise that passes through them.

Soundproof curtains are often composed of thick, densely woven fabrics such as mass loaded vinyl, fiberglass, or polyester.

Apartment Soundproofing That WORKS! - No Tools Required!

Watch the video above to gain a clearer understanding of practical soundproofing methods, including the usage of soundproof curtains.

You might find useful advice on how to install these curtains to maximize their effectiveness.

Efficacy of Soundproof Curtains

Soundproof curtains do indeed help in lessening the volume of street noise that enters your home.

However, their efficacy in totally blocking out noise is not absolute but relative, based on a number of influencing factors.

These factors include the quality of the curtains, how they are hung, the decibel level of the outside noise, and the overall acoustics of your home.

Certain low-frequency sounds like traffic rumbling or lawn mowers may not be fully obstructed by soundproof curtains.

Maximizing the Results with Soundproof Curtains

While soundproof curtains alone might not eliminate all street noise, they can be exceedingly effective when used as part of a comprehensive soundproofing strategy.

For example, combining soundproof curtains with double-glazed windows, acoustic seals, or absorptive wall coverings can provide a higher level of noise reduction.

Furthermore, how the curtains are installed can have a significant influence on their effectiveness.

For the best results, soundproof curtains should go from ceiling to floor and be as wide as possible, covering not just the window but the wall around it.

This helps to create a seal that blocks the path of sound waves, minimizing the noise that manages to enter your room.

The Final Thought

So, do soundproof curtains really reduce street noise?

The answer, in essence, is yes.

Admittedly, they might not offer a complete soundproofing solution on their own, depending largely on the external noise level and how they are installed.

However, as part of a comprehensive soundproofing strategy, they can indeed help to keep your living space quieter and more tranquil.

Consider the information shared here and watch the video embedded in this article to optimize your usage of soundproof curtains.

The Benefits of Double-Glazed Windows in Noise Reduction

When it comes to soundproofing homes against street noise, double-glazed windows prove to be a potent solution.

How Double Glazing Works

The concept behind double glazing is pretty simple: it involves two layers of glass with an air gap or vacuum in between.

This structure not only helps in thermal insulation but also significantly reduces noise transmission.

The air gap/vacuum serves as a sound barrier, creating a buffer zone that absorbs, reflects and scatters noise waves before they can penetrate into the house.

This reduced noise transmission means a quieter and more peaceful indoor environment, granting homeowners relief from disturbing street noise.

“The air gap/vacuum serves as a sound barrier, creating a buffer zone that absorbs, reflects and scatters noise waves before they can penetrate into the house.”

In essence, a double-glazed window is a strong barrier that resists and dampens both external and internal noise.

While the glass layers protect against high-frequency noise, the air gap/vacuum is particular effective for low-frequency noises.

Installation and Considerations

Getting double-glazed windows installed can indeed be an investment, yet it is a long-term and highly efficient solution for nuisance of street noise.

These windows require professional installation to ensure a fitted and sealed window unit that properly blocks out noise and maintains thermal insulation.

It’s also important to remember that the effectiveness of double glazing can be influenced by the type and thickness of glass used, and the size of the air gap.

“These windows require professional installation to ensure a fitted and sealed window unit that properly blocks out noise and maintains thermal insulation.”

Heavier and thicker glass often offers better sound insulation.

The size of the air gap also matters, with larger gaps generally providing better noise reduction – a gap of around 100-150mm is often recommended for optimal soundproofing.

Additional Benefits of Double-Glazed Windows

Beyond their initial purpose for noise control, double-glazed windows also deliver several other key benefits.

With their excellent insulation properties, these windows help to minimize heat transfer, decreasing reliance on heating and cooling systems and thereby helping to reduce energy consumption and utility bills.

They also help avoid condensation issues, leading to a healthier and more comfortable indoor environment.

Moreover, double-glazed windows offer improved fire resistance and security features, adding to their overall value.

“With their excellent insulation properties, these windows help to minimize heat transfer, decreasing reliance on heating and cooling systems and thereby helping to reduce energy consumption and utility bills.”

In sum, while double-glazed windows may require a hefty upfront investment, the myriad benefits they deliver in terms of noise control, energy efficiency, and overall home comfort make them a worthy addition to any home.

How to Use White Noise Machines for a Quiet Environment

The clamor of the world outside can be a constant source of irritation, especially when you’re trying to focus, rest, or simply enjoy a tranquil moment. However, a useful tool in your arsenal against this audible onslaught may be something known as a white noise machine.

A white noise machine generates a kind of sound that covers the entire audible frequency range, effectively masking other sounds and reducing their perceived volume.

What is White Noise?

White Noise is a type of noise that is produced by combining sounds of all different frequencies together. If you took all of the imaginable tones that a human can hear and combined them together, you would have white noise.

The adjective ‘white’ is used to describe this type of noise because of the way white light functions. White light is light that is made up of all of the different colors (frequencies) of light combined together (a prism or a rainbow separates white light back into its component colors).

White Noise Machines and Sleep

One popular use of white noise machines is for promoting sleep. The consistent, soothing ambient sounds generated by the machine can create an optimal environment for sleep. This works by suppressing disruptive, unpredictable noises that can trigger alertness during sleep.

Unpredictable noises, such as a dog barking or a car passing by, are more likely to wake you up because your brain is tuned to alert you to any potential danger. The ‘safe’ and relaxing sounds from a white noise machine help to drown out these disruptive noises and keep your sleep undisturbed.

A white noise machine helps to create a predictable and familiar sound environment that is conducive for sleep.

This is why many individuals use white noise machines to help babies sleep. The consistent ambient noise can also mimic the sound conditions in a womb, providing a comforting environment for newborns.

White Noise Machines and Concentration

Another potential benefit of white noise machines is that they can aid in enhancing focus and productivity. This is especially beneficial in loud or bustling settings like workplaces or school environments.

The constant, yet unassuming noise can help to create a private auditory space, allowing users to block out distractions and focus better on their tasks. In this way, the white noise acts as a kind of ‘sound wall’ which buffers against noise intrusions.

White noise machines create a consistent audio backdrop that allows you to concentrate better on your tasks.

It’s important to note that while many people find white noise beneficial, this may not be the case for everyone. Some individuals may find certain types of white noise irritating or distracting. Therefore, it’s key to explore different options and find what works best for you.

Integrating White Noise Machines Into Your Soundproofing Strategy

What material is the best for soundproofing?

In the video, you’ll find an illustration of how different materials affect sound transmission. It offers a comparative perspective which may be useful when considering soundproofing strategies for your home or office.

A white noise machine is just one tool amongst many that can be used to create a quiet environment. From soundproofing materials to acoustic panels and double-glazed windows, various methods are available for reducing street noise and creating a tranquil home environment.

Ultimately, the best approach may involve combining different tools and techniques to create an integrated soundproofing solution. Regardless of the specific approach taken, the goal remains the same: to create a peaceful, quiet environment where you can concentrate, relax, and be at your best.

Furnishing Techniques for Absorbing Sound: Rugs and Bookshelves

When we think of soundproofing a home, our minds often leap to high-end materials or complex renovations. But surprisingly, simple home furnishings like rugs and bookshelves can also play a significant role in absorbing sound.

The Role of Rugs in Absorbing Sound

Have you ever noticed how noise seems to bounce around in a bare room with hard surfaces, but a carpeted room feels much quieter?

This is because soft surfaces like rugs and carpets absorb sound waves, reducing echo and overall sound levels.

Carpets and rugs work particularly well for rooms with hard laminate or wood flooring.

These hard surfaces reflect sound waves, leading to noise reverberation.

By laying down rugs, the surfaces become soft and absorbent, effectively dampening noise.

The thicker the rug and the denser its material, the more sound it will absorb.

The role of rugs in absorbing sound is often underestimated, yet they can significantly contribute to a quieter home environment.

To support this statement, studies have shown that rugs can reduce noise levels by as much as 20% compared to hard flooring.

This is especially beneficial in high-traffic areas or rooms with televisions or music systems.

Additionally, rugs can also benefit the room’s aesthetic while providing a tactile sense of comfort and warmth.

Maximizing the Sound Absorption of Bookshelves

Another overlooked furnishing tool in dampening sound is bookshelves.

Positioned strategically, bookshelves can disrupt and absorb a significant amount of both airborne and structural noise.

A floor-to-ceiling bookshelf can act as a barrier, breaking up the path of sound waves.

This disruption of the sound pathway reduces echoes and creates a quieter environment.

Books themselves, with their varied shapes, sizes, and spacing, present non-uniform surfaces that further block and diffuse sound waves.

Bookshelves, packed with books, not only enrich our minds but their role in sound absorption can greatly enhance our living spaces.

Supporting this, research has shown that a bookshelf full of books can absorb as much noise as professionally installed acoustic panels.

In addition, bookshelves add a personal touch to any room, showcasing your literary preferences and personality.

When you consider these benefits together, it becomes clear why bookshelves are a valuable soundproofing tool for any home.

The Combined Effect of Rugs and Bookshelves

While each of these furnishing items can make a noticeable difference on their own, their combined effect can create a truly quieter space.

Rugs absorb the noise that is transmitted through the floor, and the bookshelves intercept airborne noise.

A room furnished with both of these items will have less echo, less noise transmission, and offer a more serene environment.

Thus, if you’re looking to reduce noise in your home without embarking on major renovations, consider the potential of the furnishings you already own.

Simple furnishing techniques like using rugs and bookshelves can contribute significantly to a quieter and more peaceful living space.

To back this up, consider that an American Speech-Language-Hearing Association report highlights everyday home items as effective sound dampeners alongside specialized soundproofing materials.

So the next time you think about soundproofing your home, don’t underestimate the power of these easily accessible and dual-function techniques.

With strategic use of rugs and bookshelves, your home can be a quieter, more peaceful place to live, work, or relax.

The Bottom Line

After delineating the various aspects of soundproofing, from understanding its basic principles, identifying dominant sources of street noise, to exploring do-it-yourself strategies and inspecting different materials available, it is clear that soundproofing a home against street noise is entirely feasible.

Practical choices like soundproofing doors and windows, using acoustic panels, setting up sound-damping curtains, and opting for double-glazed windows all contribute significantly to noise reduction.

Furthermore, integrating white noise machines alongside ingenious furnishing implementations such as rugs and bookshelves can both quell street noise and enhance the aesthetic value of your home.

However, the effectiveness of these measures ultimately relies on the specific circumstances of each household.

Be strategic and consider all aspects of your living situation before making your soundproofing solution decisions.